Educator Resources
Glossary of the Holocaust
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AKTION (Action)
A German military or police operation involving mass assembly, deportation and killing. Directed by the Nazis against Jews during the Holocaust.
ALLIES
The twenty-six nations led by the United States, Britain, and the former Soviet Union who joined in fighting Nazi Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II.
ANIELEWICZ, MORDECAI, 1919-1943
Leader of the Jewish underground movement and of the uprising of the Warsaw Ghetto in April 1943. Killed on May 8, 1943.
ANSCHLUSS (Annexation)
The incorporation of Austria into Germany on March 13, 1938.
ANTISEMITISM
Prejudice and/or discrimination towards Jews, based on negative perceptions of their beliefs.
ARYAN RACE
"Aryan" was originally applied to people who spoke any Indo-European language. The Nazis, however, primarily applied the term to people with a Northern European racial background. Their aim was to avoid what they called the “bastardization of the German race” and to preserve the purity of European blood. (See NUREMBERG LAWS.)
AUSCHWITZ
Auschwitz was one of the largest extermination camps and eventually became the largest center for Jewish extermination. In August 1942, the camp was expanded and ended up having three sections:
- Auschwitz I: the main camp
- Auschwitz II (Birkenau): the extermination cam
- Auschwitz III (Monowitz): the I.G. Farben labor camp, also known as Buna.
In addition, Auschwitz had 48 subcamps.
AXIS
The Axis powers originally included Nazi Germany, Italy, and Japan. The parties signed a pact in Berlin on September 27, 1940, to divide the world between them into spheres of political interest. They were later joined by Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Romania, and Slovakia.
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BABI YAR
A deep ravine two miles from the Ukrainian city of Kiev, where the Nazi mobile killing units, the Einsatzgruppen, massacred and buried 34,000 Jews on September 29-30, 1941. Together with the Jewish victims, executions of groups such as Roma, Soviet prisoners of war, and disabled people brought Babi Yar’s death toll to 100,000.
BAECK, LEO, 1873-1956
A rabbi, philosopher, and a leader of German Jews. In 1933, he became the leader of the Reich Representation of German Jews. Despite opportunities to emigrate, Baeck refused to desert his community. In 1943, he was deported to Theresienstadt. There, he became a member of the Jewish Council and spiritual leader of the imprisoned Jews. After his liberation, Leo Baeck immigrated to England.
BELZEC
One of the six extermination camps in Poland, originally established in 1940 as a camp for Jewish forced labor. The Nazis began constructing an extermination camp at Belzec on November 1, 1941, as part of Aktion Reinhard, code name for the operation to physically destroy the Jews in occupied central Poland. By the time the camp ceased operations in January 1943, more than 600,000 people had been murdered there.
BLITZKRIEG
Lightning attack, used to describe the speed and intensity of Germany’s military action. The term was first used by the Germans during their invasion of Poland in September 1939. It was made famous later, during the battle for Britain.
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DACHAU
Located 10 miles northwest of Munich, Germany, Dachau was one of the first concentration camps. It was established in March 1933, for the internment of political prisoners. The number of Jews in the camp rose steadily to about a third of the total inmate population. Although no mass murder program existed there, tens of thousands died from starvation, disease, torture, and medical experiments, or were transported to extermination camps.
DEATH CAMPS
Nazi camps, known as “death camps”, established for the mass killing of Jews and other groups, such as Roma and Russian prisoners of war. Located in occupied Poland, the camps were: Auschwitz-Birkenau, Belzec, Chelmno, Majdanek, Sobibor, Treblinka.
DEATH MARCH
When the German army was trapped between the Soviet Army to the east and the advancing Allied troops from the west, the Germans evacuated the camps in 1944 and forced the prisoners to march westward to Germany. During these marches, the Jews were starved, brutalized, and killed. Few people survived the experience and the paths traveled were littered with bodies. Although death marches occurred throughout the war, the largest and deadliest occurred during the last phase. It is estimated that 250,000 died in death marches between the summer of 1944, and the end of the war, in May 1945.
DEPORTATION
In Nazi occupied territories, deportation was the forced relocation of Jews from their homes. Deportation meant removal to either a ghetto or a concentration camp and later to extermination camps.
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EICHMANN, ADOLF, 1906-1962
An SS officer, head of the “Jewish section” of the Gestapo. Eichmann participated in the Wannsee Conference on January 20, 1942, and was instrumental in implementing the “Final Solution” by organizing the transportation of Jews to death camps from all over Europe. At the end of World War II, he was arrested in the American zone of Berlin. However, he escaped, went underground, and disappeared. On May 11, 1960, members of the Israeli Mossad uncovered his whereabouts and smuggled him to Israel from Argentina. Eichmann was tried in Jerusalem, convicted, and sentenced to death. He was executed on May 31, 1962.
EINSATZGRUPPEN
Nazi mobile killing squads of the Security Police and SS Security Service. They consisted of four units and followed the German armies into the Soviet Union in June 1941. Their task was to kill all Jews, mental and defectives, and Soviets. They were supported by units of the uniformed German Order Police and auxiliaries of volunteers from Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and the Ukraine. Their victims were executed by shooting and were buried in mass graves from which they were later exhumed and burned. At least 1.3 million Jews were killed in this manner.
EUTHANASIA
The term often means “mercy killing:” a quick and painless death for the terminally ill. However, the Nazis used the terms very differently. The Nazi euthanasia program that began in 1939 meant the deliberate killings of institutionalized physically, mentally, and emotionally disabled people in order to improve the German race. It started with German non-Jews and later extended to Jews. Three major classifications were developed: 1) euthanasia for the incurable; 2) direct extermination by “Special Treatment,” namely, gassing; and 3) experiments in mass sterilization.
EVIAN CONFERENCE
Conference convened by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. On July 6, 1938, to discuss the problem of emigration and resettlement of Jewish refugees from Germany and Austria. Not much was accomplished since most western countries and the United States refused to accept Jewish refugees.
EXTERMINATION CAMP
Nazi camps, known as “death camps”, established for the mass killing of Jews and other groups, such as Roma and Russian prisoners of war. Located in occupied Poland, the camps were: Auschwitz-Birkenau, Belzec, Chelmno, Majdanek, Sobibor, Treblinka.
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FINAL SOLUTION
Nazi code name for the “Final solution of the Jewish question” – the physical destruction of European Jewry. Beginning in December 1941, Jews were rounded up and sent to extermination camps in the East. The program was deceptively disguised as “resettlement in the East.”
FRANK, HANS, 1900-1946
Member of the Nazi Party from its earliest days and Hitler’s personal lawyer. From 1939 to 1945, Frank served as the Governor-General of occupied Poland and controlled Europe’s largest Jewish population. He also supervised the major Nazi killing centers. He ordered the execution of thousands of Poles and Jews and announced that “Poland will be treated like a colony; The Poles will become slaves of the greater German Reich.” Frank was tried at Nuremberg, convicted, and executed in 1946.
FRICK, WILHELM, 1877-1946
A dedicated Nazi bureaucrat and one of Hitler’s earliest followers. In 1933 Frick was appointed Minister of the Interior, where he was responsible for enacting Nazi racial laws. As of 1943, he served as governor of Bohemia and Moravia. In 1946, he was tried at Nuremberg, convicted and executed.
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GENOCIDE
The deliberate and systematic destruction of a religious, racial, national, or cultural group.
GERSTEIN, KURT, 1905-1945
SS Officer and head of the Waffen SS Office of Hygiene in Berlin. Gerstein purchased the Zyklon B gas officially needed in Auschwitz for fumigation purposes, but actually used for exterminating Jews. He wrote a widely-quoted description of the gassing procedures in Belzec and forwarded information about the killings to the Dutch underground and Swedish and Vatican representatives. His efforts met with little success. After the war, Gerstein was captured by the French and he committed suicide in a French jail.
GESTAPO
German acronym for Geheime Staatspolizei, or, Secret State Police. Established in April 1933 by Herman Goring, the Gestapo monitored and suppressed all opposition to the Hitler regime. The Gestapo had total freedom to spy, arrest, interrogate and deport Jews, intellectuals, Roma, LGBTQ+, and anyone deemed an enemy of the Third Reich.
GHETTO
An Italian word referring to a quarter or street separated from the other parts of the city, in which Jews lived in the Middle Ages. The Nazis revived the Italian medieval ghetto and created their compulsory “Jewish Quarter,” where all Jews from the surrounding areas were forced to reside. The ghettos, surrounded by barbed wire or walls, were overcrowded, unsanitary and sealed from the world without food, medicine, and heat. Residents died in the streets from starvation and disease on a daily basis. The Germans constantly harassed the Jewish residents of the ghetto, randomly seizing people on the streets, raiding their apartments, and subjecting them to beatings and humiliation, leaving them to die in the streets. The ghettos were established mainly in Eastern Europe, in place such as Lodz, Warsaw, Vilna, Riga, and Minsk. All ghettos were eventually liquidated, and their residents were deported to extermination camps.
GOEBBELS, JOSEPH, 1897-1945
Joined the Nazi party in 1924 and became Hitler’s Minister of Propaganda and Public Information in 1933. He decided that all “un-German” books would be burned on May 10, 1933. He controlled the media and was also one of the creators of the myth of the Fuhrer, an important element in the Nazis’ successful plan to win the support of the masses. He supervised the publication of Der Sturmer and conducted the propaganda campaign against the Jews. A day after Hitler’s death, Goebbels and his wife committed suicide in Hitler’s bunker, after first ordering the murder of their six children, all under the age of thirteen.
GÖRING, HERMANN, 1893-1946
A member of the Nazi Party from its earliest days who participated in Hitler’s “Beer Hall Putsch” – the failed attempt by Hitler and his associates to overthrow the German Weimar Republic on November 9, 1923. In 1932, Goring served as president of the Reichstag, the German parliament. When Hitler came to power in 1933, he made Goring Air Minister of Germany and Prime Minister of Prussia. Goring organized Hitler’s wartime economic system and was responsible for the rearmament program. In 1939, Hitler designated him his successor. Convicted at Nuremberg in 1946, Goring committed suicide by taking poison two hours before his scheduled execution.
GREATER GERMAN REICH
Designation of an expanded Germany that was intended to include all German speaking peoples. It was one of Hitler's most important aims. After the conquest of most of Western Europe during World War II, it became a reality for a short time
GRYNSZPAN, HERSCHEL, 1921-1943?
A Polish Jewish youth who emigrated to Paris. He agonized over the fate of his parents who were trapped between Germany and Poland. On November 7, 1938, Grynszpan went to the German Embassy where he assassinated Third Secretary Ernst von Rath. The Nazis used this incident as an excuse for the KRISTALLNACHT pogrom.
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HESS, RUDOLF, 1894-1987
Hitler’s deputy and close aide from the earliest days of the Nazi movement, who participated in Hitler’s “Beer Hall Putsch” – the failed attempt by Hitler and his associates to overthrow the German Weimar Republic on November 9, 1923. Hess believed he could persuade the British to make peace with Hitler. To further his idea Hess flew to Scotland prior to Hitler’s invasion of the former Soviet Union. After he was arrested by the British, Hitler promptly declared Hess insane. Hess was tried at Nuremberg, found guilty, and sentenced to life in prison. He was the only prisoner in the Spandau prison in Berlin, Germany, until he committed suicide in 1987.
HEYDRICH, REINHARD, 1904-1942
Former naval officer who joined the SS in 1932, after his dismissal from the German Navy. He headed the Reich Security, which included the Gestapo, and organized the Einsatzgruppen, which systematically murdered Jews in occupied Russia during 1941-1942. Heydrich was appointed Governor of Bohemia and Moravia. In January 1942, Heydrich presided over the Wannsee Conference, where the implementation of the “Final Solution” was discussed and decided on. As governor, he was asked by Goring to implement the “Final Solution.” On May 29, 1942, Heydrich was assassinated near Prague by a member of the Czech resistance. In retaliation, the Nazis destroyed the Czech town of Lidice and murdered all its men. To honor Reinhard Heydrich, the Nazis gave the code name “Operation Reinhard” to the destruction of Polish Jewry.
HIMMLER, HEINRICH
Reich leader of the SS, Gestapo, and the Waffen-SS. Minister of the interior, and the most powerful man in Nazi Germany after Hitler. His obsession with “racial purity” led to the establishing of the concentration camp system and to the implementation of the “Final Solution.” Himmler committed suicide on May 23, 1945, before he could be brought to trial.
HITLER, ADOLF, 1889-1945
Fuhrer und Reichskanzler. Although he was born in Austria, Hitler settled in Germany in 1913. At the outbreak of World War I, Hitler enlisted in the Bavarian Army, became a corporal and received the Iron Cross First Class for bravery. Returning to Munich after the war, he joined the newly formed German Workers Party. Under his leadership, the party soon reorganized as the National Socialist German Workers Party. In November 1923, he unsuccessfully attempted to forcibly bring Germany under nationalist control. After the failure of his attempted coup, known as the “Beer-Hall Putsch,” Hitler was arrested and sentenced to 5 years in prison. It was during this time that he wrote Mein Kampf. Serving only 9 months of his sentence, Hitler quickly reentered German politics and soon outpolled his political rivals in national elections. In January 1933, Paul vom Hindenburg appointed Hitler chancellor of a coalition cabinet. Hitler took office on January 30, 1933, and immediately set up a dictatorship. In 1934, the chancellorship and presidency were united in the person of the Fuhrer. Soon, all other parties were outlawed, and opposition was brutally suppressed. In addition, he initiated antisemitic policies and programs. By 1938, Hitler implemented his dream of a “Greater Germany,” with the annexation of Austria, the Sudetenland, and, eventually, Czechoslovakia itself. On September 1, 1939, Hitler’s armies invaded Poland. By this time, western democracies realized that no agreement with Hitler could be honored and World War II had begun. Although initially victorious on all fronts, Hitler’s armies suffered setbacks after the United States joined the war in December 1941. The war was obviously lost by early 1945, but Hitler insisted that Germany fight to the death. On April 30, 1945, Hitler committed suicide rather than be captured alive.
HOLOCAUST
The word Holocaust derived from the Greek word holokauston, namely, “an offering consumed by fire.” The term has a sacrificial connotation. As of the 1950’s the term refers to the destruction of some 6,000,000 Jews by the Nazis and their collaborators in Europe between the years 1933-1945. Other individuals and groups were persecuted and suffered grievously during this period, but only Jews were marked for complete and utter annihilation.
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JEHOVAH'S WITNESSES
A religious sect, originating in the United States, and organized by Charles Taze Russell. The Witnesses base their beliefs on the Bible and have no official ministers. Recognizing only the kingdom of God, they refuse to swear allegiance to any worldly power, salute the flag, bear arms in war, and participate in the affairs of government. Therefore, the Witnesses were persecuted as “enemies of the state.” About 10,000 Witnesses from Germany and other countries were imprisoned in concentration camps during World War II. Of these, about 2,500 died.
JUDENRAT (PLURAL: JUDENRATE)
A council of Jewish representatives appointed by the Nazis for administration within the communities and ghettos in German-occupied countries.
JUDENREIN
The meaning of the term is “cleansed of Jews.” It denoted areas where all Jews had been either murdered or deported.
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KAPO
From the Italian word Capo, meaning: head, chief. An inmate (male or female) in a position of authority in Nazi concentration camps. The Kapo was in charge of a group of inmates and carried out the instructions of SS supervisors. They made sure that prisoners performed their tasks and met the quotas. The Kapo was the Nazis’ instrument to humiliate and brutalize the prisoners.
KINDERTRANSPORT
German for “children’s transport,” organized immediately after Kristallnacht that took place on November 9–10, 1938. Following the pogrom, the British government, aided by Jewish, British, and Quaker relief organizations, set up the Kindertransport to evacuate children from Nazi oppression to Great Britain. Nearly 10,000 children were rescued from Germany, Austria, Poland, and Czechoslovakia. Most of these children never saw their parents again. It is believed that 20–25 percent eventually made their way to the United States and Canada.
KONZENTRATIONSLAGER
Camps in which people were imprisoned without regard to the accepted norms of detention. An essential part of Nazi systematic oppression, they were constructed almost immediately after Hitler came to power in Germany. They were used for the imprisonment of all “enemies of the Third Reich”: Jews, political and ideological opponents of the regime, Roma, LGBTQ+ people, Jehovah’s Witnesses, disabled people, and other groups. The extensive camp system of over 9,000 camps and sub-camps included labor camps, transit camps, camps for prisoners of war, and extermination camps. Death, disease, starvation, crowded and unsanitary conditions, and torture were a daily part of concentration camp life.
KRISTALLNACHT (Night of Broken Glass)
A centrally planned, countrywide anti-Jewish pogrom and riot carried out on November 9–10, 1938. Arson and destruction of Jewish-owned property and synagogues took place in towns throughout Germany and Austria. It came in retaliation for the assassination of Ernst vom Rath in Paris by a 17-year-old Jewish youth named Herschel Grynszpan. About 7,500 businesses and 101 synagogues were destroyed, nearly 100 Jews were killed, and several thousand were arrested and sent to concentration camps.
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LIDICE
A Czech mining village of 700 people and the scene of a violent reprisal for the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich. About two weeks after the assassination, on June 10, 1942, the village was razed to the ground and all its 192 men were murdered. After World War II, a new village was built near the site of the old Lidice, which is now a national park and memorial.
LODZ
Poland’s second largest city. Home to a large Jewish working class, Lodz was a center for Jewish culture and social political activities. The Lodz economy was based on the textile industry, much of which was established by the local Jewish population. On September 8, 1939, the Germans occupied Lodz, and on April 11, 1940, they renamed the city Litzmannstadt, after the German general Karl Litzmann who had conquered it in World War I. In April 1940, Lodz became the site of the first major ghetto established by the Nazis, who forced all Jews from Lodz and the surrounding areas into the ghetto. The Lodz Ghetto was severely overcrowded and lacked food, medicine, and heat. People died of starvation and disease every day. In January 1942, the Nazis began raiding the ghetto and rounding up Jews for deportation to the Chelmno extermination camp. By September 1942, the ghetto was almost empty. Only able-bodied men and women were kept alive for forced labor. In the spring of 1944, the Germans liquidated the ghetto, clearing street by street and transporting the remaining Jews to the Auschwitz Concentration Camp and to the Chelmno Extemination Camp. The ghetto was liquidated by the fall of 1944.
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MAJDANEK
Located in the Lublin district of Poland, Majdanek was opened in October 1941. It was one of the largest extermination camps in Europe with seven gas chambers. Majdanek inmates included prisoners of war from the former Soviet Union, Byelorussians, Poles, and Jews. The killing methods in the camo were gassing with carbon monoxide and zyklon B, as well as mass shootings. Nearly 500,000 people, mainly Jews, passed through Majdanek and its sub-camps. Of these 500,000, some 360,000 perished. The Soviet Army liberated the camp in July 1944.
MAUTHAUSEN
A concentration camp primarily for men, located near Linz, Austria. Mauthausen, opened in August 1938 to mine the nearby quarries, and was classified by the SS as a camp of utmost severity. The inmates included German political prisoners, Spanish republicans, Soviet soldiers and prisoners of war from various European countries. In 1944 Jews were transported to Mauthausen from other concentration camps which were evacuated. Conditions in Mauthausen were brutal, even by concentration camp standards. Nearly 125,000 prisoners of various nationalities were either worked or tortured to death. On May 5, 1945, the camp was liberated by American troops.
MEIN KAMPF (My Struggle)
Adolf Hitler’s autobiography, written in 1924 during his imprisonment in the Landsberg prison for his role in the “Beer Hall Putsch” – the failed attempt by Hitler and his associates to overthrow the German Weimar Republic on November 9, 1923. In his book, Hitler details his plan for the future of Germany, including his foreign policy and his racial ideology to make Europe free of Jews. The Germans, belonging to the “superior” Aryan race, have a right to s living space in the East, which is inhabited by “inferior” Slavs. Throughout the book, Hitler accuses the Jews of being the source of all evil. Unfortunately, most of the people who read Mein Kampf, did not take Hitler seriously and believed the book to be the ravings of a maniac.
MENGELE, JOSEF, 1911-1979
SS physician at Auschwitz between 1943 and 1944. Mengele conducted horrible medical experiments, especially on twins and Roma. Mengele used human beings as “guinea pigs” and subjected them to x-rays, mutilations, diseases, and toxic injections. Inmates called him the “Angel of Death” because he, by a simple gesture of his hand pointing to the left or right, would seal a new arrival’s fate. Those considered too weak or too old were sent to the gas chambers; those whom he considered able to work were sent to concentration or labor camps. After the war, Mengele spent time in a British internment hospital but disappeared, went underground, and escaped to Argentina and later to Paraguay, where he became a citizen in 1959. He was hunted by Interpol, Israeli agents, and Simon Wiesenthal. In July 1985, forensic experts in Brazil exhumed the body of a man who died in 1979 in a drowning accident and they identified him as Mengele.
MUSSELMANN
Nazi concentration camp slang for a prisoner who is on the brink of death.
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NAZI PARTY
Short term for National Socialist German Workers’ Party: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiter-Partei (NSDAP). A right-wing, nationalistic and antisemitic political party formed in 1919 and headed by Adolf Hitler from 1921 to 1945.
NIEMOELLER, MARTIN, 1892-1984
German Protestant Pastor who headed the Confessing Church during the Nazi regime. During World War I, Niemoeller distinguished himself in the German Navy. He was ordained as a minister in 1924. In 1931, he became pastor of Dahlem parish in Berlin, where his naval fame and his preaching drew large crowds. In 1937, he assumed leadership of the Confessing Church. Subsequently, he was arrested for "malicious attacks on the state," given a token sentence and made to pay a small fine. After he was released, he was re-arrested on direct orders from Adolf Hitler. He spent the next seven years in Sachsenhausen and Dachau concentration camps, usually in solitary confinement. Despite this, at the beginning of World War II, the patriotic Niemoeller offered his services to the German Navy but was refused. In 1945, he was released by the Allies, and became an avowed pacifist who supported a neutral, disarmed, and unified Germany. The following statement is attributed to Martin Niemoeller and authenticated by Niemoeller's second wife and widow, Sibylle Niemoeller. Taken from The Christian Century, Dec. 14, 1994, v. 111, n. 36, p. 1207(1):
"First they came for the communists, but I was not a communist, so I said nothing. Then they came for the social democrats, but I was not a social democrat, so I did nothing. Then came the trade unionists, but I was not a trade unionist. And then they came for the Jews, but I was not a Jew – I did little. Then when they came for me, there was no one left who could stand up for me."NIGHT AND FOG DECREE
Secret order, issued by Adolf Hitler, given on December 7, 1941, to seize “persons endangering German security” who were to vanish without a trace into “night and fog.”
NUREMBERG LAWS
Two anti-Jewish statutes enacted in September 1935 during the Nazi party's national convention in Nuremberg. The first, the Reich Citizenship Law, deprived German Jews of their citizenship and all pertinent, related rights. The second, the Law for the Protection of German Blood and Honor, outlawed marriages of Jews and non-Jews, forbade Jews from employing German females of childbearing age, and prohibited Jews from displaying the German flag. Many additional regulations were attached to the two main statutes, which provided the basis for removing Jews from all spheres of German political, social, and economic life. The Nuremberg Laws carefully established definitions of Jewishness based on bloodlines. Thus, many Germans of mixed ancestry, called “Mischlinge,” faced antisemitic discrimination if they had a Jewish grandparent.
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PARTISANS
Member of a resistance group operating within and behind enemy lines, using guerrilla tactics. During World War II, this term was applied to resistance fighters in Nazi occupied countries. There was a general partisan movement that included Jews. Jewish partisan groups operated in White Russia, Poland, and Lithuania.
PROTOCOLS OF THE ELDERS OF ZION
A ficticious, infamous publication written in Paris, in 1894. Authroed by members of the Russian Secret Police who claimed to offer conclusive evidence of the existence of a Jewish conspiracy to take over the world by creating feuds among Christians, corrupting and undermining established systems. The Protocols were adapted from a nineteenth century French satire by a French lawyer Maurice Joly against Napoleon III. Although it has long been repudiated as an absurd and hateful lie, the protocols are still being published and distributed around the world by white supremacists and others who are committed to intolerance and the hatred of Jews
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RATH, ERNST VOM, 1909-1938
Third secretary at the German Embassy in Paris who was murdered on November 7, 1938, by Herschel Grynszpan. His murder was used as the excuse for Kristallnacht.
RIGHTEOUS AMONG THE NATIONS
A term designated by Yad Vashem, the remembrance authority in Jerusalem, Israel. A tribute to non-Jews who risked their lives to save Jews from Nazi persecution during the Holocaust. These people are often referred to as “Righteous Gentiles.”
ROMA (also Romani or Sinti)
Ancient nomadic people who originated in India and wandered into Europe during the 14th and 15th centuries. By the 16th century, they had spread throughout Europe, where they were persecuted for their lifestyle. The Roma occupied a special place in Nazi racist theories. It is believed that approximately 500,000 perished during the Holocaust.
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SA (German)
An acronym for Storm Troopers. Members of the special uniformed “Brownshirts” and the armed section of the Nazi party, organized in 1923. They were responsible for street fighting and attacks on the opposition. They also participated in Kristallnacht.
SELECTION
A process of separating prisoners upon their arrival at the Auschwitz Concentration Camp. Most people were directed to the gas chambers and were killed immediately. The rest, if they were considered fit to work, were sent to forced labor in Auschwitz and other camps.
SHOAH
A word in Hebrew which means destruction and/or catastrophe. The terms Shoah and Holocaust are linked to the destruction of European Jewry during World War II.
SHTETL
Yiddish term for a small Eastern European Jewish town or village.
SOBIBOR
Extermination camp in the Lublin district in Eastern Poland. Sobibór opened in April 1942 and closed on October 14, 1943, one day after a rebellion of Jewish prisoners. During this period, at least 200,000 Jews were gassed there.
SS (German)
An acronym for Schutzstaffel – Protective Squad. Originally formed in 1925 as Hitler’s personal bodyguards. Between 1929 and 1939, Heinrich Himler transformed the SS into a giant organization. Although various SS units were assigned to the battlefield, the organization is best known for carrying out the destruction of European Jewry.
ST. LOUIS
A steamship, carrying 1,128 Jewish refugees. The St. Louis left Hamburg, Germany, in the spring of 1939, bound for Cuba. When the ship arrived, only 22 Jews were allowed to disembark. Initially, no country was willing to accept the other passengers. The St. Louis finally returned to Europe where most of the refugees were finally granted entry into England, The Netherlands, France and Belgium. Nonetheless, most of these Jewish refugees became victims of the “final solution.”
STREICHER, JULIUS, 1885-1946
A Nazi politician and the most fanatical antisemite in the Nazi party. Founded the antisemitic newspaper Der Stürmer in 1923. As Hitler’s friend, he became the head of the region of Franconia in southern Germany. After World War II, he was convicted at Nuremberg and executed in October 1946.
STRUMA
A cattle boat carrying 769 Jewish refugees, which left Constanta, Romania in December 1941. It was bound for Palestine (pre-1948 Israel), which was governed by the British mandate. Having been promised entry visas for Palestine, the Struma docked in Istanbul, Turkey. Upon arrival, there were no visas for the passengers. The British did not grant the refugees visas and the Turkish authorities refused to transfer them to a transit camp until other arrangements could be made. On February 23, 1942, the Struma was tugged to the Black Sea the Turkish police. There was no food, water, or fuel on board. While at sea, the boat was struck by a torpedo from a Soviet submarine. Only one passenger survived.
DER STÜRMER (German)
“The Attacker.” An antisemitic German weekly newspaper, founded and edited by Julius Streicher and published in Nuremberg from 1923 and 1945. The phrase “Die Juden sind unser unglück” – “The Jews are our misfortune!” – appeared on each issue at the bottom of the front page.
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TEREZIN (Czech) / THERESIENSTADT (German)
Established in early 1942 outside Prague as a “model ghetto,” Terezin was not a sealed section of town, but rather an eighteenth-century Austrian garrison. It became a Jewish town, governed and guarded by the SS. When the deportations from central Europe to the extermination camps began in the spring of 1942, certain groups were initially excluded: disabled people, partners in a mixed marriage and their children, and prominent Jews with special connections. These groups were sent to the ghetto in Terezin. They were joined by old and young Jews from the Protectorate and by small numbers of prominent Jews from Denmark and Holland. Terezin’s large barracks served as dormitories for communal living. They also contained offices, workshops, infirmaries, and communal kitchens. The Nazis used Terezin to deceive public opinion. They tolerated a lively cultural life of theatre, music, library, lectures, art and sports. Thus, it could be shown to officials of the International Red Cross. In reality, Terezin was only a station on the road to the extermination camps: about 88,000 people were deported to their deaths in the East. In April 1945, only 17,000 Jews remained in Terezin. They were joined by 14,000 Jewish concentration camp prisoners who were evacuated from other camps as the Allied armies advanced. On May 8, 1945, Terezin was liberated by the Red Army.
TREBLINKA
Extermination camp in northeast Poland. Established in May 1942, along the Warsaw-Bialystok railway line. Some 870,000 people were murdered there. The camp operated until 1943, when the Nazis destroyed the entire camp in an attempt to conceal all traces of their crimes.
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UMSCHLAGPLATZ (German)
Collection point. It was a square in the Warsaw Ghetto where Jews were rounded up for deportation to Treblinka.
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WANNSEE CONFERENCE
Lake near Berlin where the Wannsee Conference was held January 20, 1942. The purpose of the Conference was to discuss and coordinate the “Final Solution.” It was attended by many high-ranking Nazis, including Reinhard Heydrich and Adolf Eichmann.
WALLENBERG, RAOUL, 1912-1947?
A Swedish diplomat who went on a mission to Hungary in 1944. Attempted to save as many Jews as possible by handing out Swedish papers, passports, and visas. He is credited with saving the lives of at least 30,000 people. After the liberation of Budapest, he was mysteriously taken into custody by the Russians, and his fate remains unknown.
WARSAW GHETTO
Established in November 1940, the ghetto was surrounded by a wall and confined nearly 500,000 Jews. Almost 45,000 Jews died there in 1941 alone, due to overcrowding, forced labor, bad sanitary conditions, starvation, and disease. From April 19 to May 16, 1943, a revolt took place in the ghetto when the Nazis attempted to raze the ghetto and deport the remaining inhabitants to Treblinka. The uprising was led by Mordecai Anielewicz. It was the first instance of an uprising by an urban population in occupied Europe.
WIESENTHAL, SIMON
Famed Holocaust survivor who has dedicated his life since the war to gathering evidence for the prosecution of Nazi war criminals. (SEE FULL BIO)